Adam, Genghis Khan, and the Y-Chromosome

Super ancestor: Genghis Khan; a man of power who fathered several children, throughout Asia. 16 millions men point their Y-chromosome to Genghis Khan.

Adam: Our human male ancestor, father and grandfather of billions of humans who lived on Earth. Adam means "people" in Hebrew.

Eve: Our human female ancestor, mother and grandmother of billions of humans who lived on Earth.

King Solomon: Ethiopians believed he was their ancestor because the Ark of the Covenant was found there.

Haile Selasse: A former King of Ethiopia.

Garden of Eden: A place full of life's pleasantries.

Genographic project:

Thomas Jefferson: 3rd President of USA; fathered a child of his slave, Sally Hemmings. He may look European but his Y-chromosome tells the origin of his ancestors from ancient Phoenicia, now Lebanon and Syria.

Michelangelo: Painted Adam with black hair and muscular in the Vatican City. He looked Italian.

Critical Common Ancestor: He could be the father of men from many other countries.

M9 Mutation: A super ancestor. He lived about 40,000 years ago. He could be the forefather of half of all men alive. Not all men have the M9 mutation.

Pate Island: An island off East Africa. A genetic melting pot. Swab inside cheeks to obtain DNA samples.

M168: A genetic super ancestor from "Scientific Adam", to all men, including Genghis Khan and Thomas Jefferson. He was born about 16,000 years ago. Where and when did Adam live? What did he look like?

Bender: A forensic sculptor who was responsible for the reconstruction of Adam's face without his skull as evidence.

Hazabe tribe: Adam looked like the men of this tribe. Use facial reconstruction software with selected features to construct Adam's face from 16,000 years ago.

Mutations of Y-chromosome:

Adam: A modern man who could think as we do today. His lifestyle lives on in the Hazabe tribe. They hunt with bow and arrow and light fire by rubbing sticks. Adam was a Black African male who lived in East Africa. He had tight curly hair and thick lips. He had an oval-shaped face and skull.


Source:
National Geographic: DNA Mysteries: The Search for Adam
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azWJPHypAeg

Thyroid Resources

These guidelines and the accompanying patient information sets may be downloaded from the ACB and BTA websites:
www.acb.org.uk
www.british-thyroid-association.org

Society for Endocrinology
http://www.thyroid.org/patients/ct/index.html

ATA Patient Information
http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures.html

ATA Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.thyroid.org/patients/faqs.html

UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Test 2006
1. http://www.british-thyroid-association.org/info-for-patients/Docs/TFT_guideline_final_version_July_2006.pdf/

2. http://pathlabs.rlbuht.nhs.uk/tft_guideline_summary.pdf

Thyroid Disease Manager
http://www.thyroidmanager.org/


RESEARCH, STUDIES AND CASES

Spencer et al. Clin Chem 1995;41:367 /
Spencer, C.A., Young D.S., Pestaner, L.C. Functional sensitivity of immunometric assays of thyrotropin (TSH) and impact on reliability of measurement of subnormal concentrations. Clinical Chemistry. 1995 (41): 367

Klaus Zophel, Gerd Wunderlich and Jorg Kotzerke
Clinical Chemistry 52, No. 2, 2006: 329-330.

Ferdinand and Veldhuis
Serum Thyrotropin Profiles
Endocrine Reviews, October 2013, 34(5):619 – 657

Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Dyslipidemia in Upper Egyptian Epileptic Children on Carbamazepine Therapy. Hosny M.A. ElMasry(1), Amira M. M. Hamed(1), Mostafa Abd Elazeem H(1), Hashem A. Hassan(2)and Mohammad M. Abolfotouh(3). Department of Pediatrics(1), Neuropsychiatry(2) and Medical Biochemistry(3), Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
http://www.usa-journals.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ElMasry_Vol112.pdf

New Reference Intervals for Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones Based on National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Criteria and Regular Ultrasonography of the Thyroid. Juergen Kratzsch1,1,a, Georg Martin Fiedler1,1, Alexander Leichtle1, Matthias Brügel1, Susanne Buchbinder1, Lothar Otto3, Osama Sabri3, Gert Matthes2 and Joachim Thiery1.+ Author Affiliations: 1Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 2 Institute of Transfusion Medicines, and 3 Clinics for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig; Leipzig, Germany.
↵aAddress correspondence to this author at: Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig; Paul-List-Strasse 13-15, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Fax 49-341-9722249; e-mail kraj@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
http://www.clinchem.org/content/51/8/1480.abstract
Published June 16, 2005.
doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.047399
Clinical Chemistry. August 2005 vol. 51 no. 8 1480-1486

Ikan Haruan

Ikan haruan is dogfish. It is a small black fish and looks quite ugly. The head looks like a snake's head and the body is short with a fish tail. The Malays eat this fish during maternity confinement and following any surgery or when they have wounds. They will not eat any other fish except ikan haruan. Even ikan belut (eel) or ikan keli (catfish) is not consumed as it is regarded as 'bisa' (poisonous). The dogfish is first cleaned as any other fish and then fried or boiled. The fish flakes are taken with milk, in order to mask the ugliness of the fish. The Malays think ikan haruan is good for healing internal injuries even though wounds may heal on the outside (skin).

Pomegranate

Pomegranate is buah delima (Malay) and al granada (Arabic). It is planted around the house, either in the front yard or backyard. It is the tree of choice at many mosques. It has tiny leaves on branches which have spikes or little sharp thorns. It grows on sandy soil with little water and prefers the hot sun. The fruits are small round green ones which ripen to big golden reddish fruits. One tree can easily produce many fruits. However, growing the tree needs skills and experience; sometimes the tree won't bear any fruit.

Pomegranate plant

A big ripe pomegranate (buah delima, al granada)

Pomegranate cut into 2 halves

Commercial pomegranate juice

Are pomegranates of any use? Yes.

Pomegranates are prized for their juice and bitter skin. The fruits are crushed to obtain juice and bitter elements, which are good for heart disease. Many have tried taking pomegranate juice in their old age. There are success stories from many people.

How should pomegranate juice be consumed?

It is best to drink a cup of cold unsweetened pomegranate juice at breakfast. This is the first supply of vitamin C that the body gets. Then have breakfast and wash everything down with a cup of plain warm water.

Where can users buy the pomegranate?

Pomegranate can be bought at most supermarkets and fresh markets. They are available all year round.

Are pomegranates expensive items?

They may be quite expensive for the average-income earner. A big heavy pomegranate may cost RM10 or more. A case of pomegranates from a market in the outskirt of Makkah costs Rs25.

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/how-clean-your-arteries-one-simple-fruit

Dukung Anak

The garden weed Dukung Anak grows wild in poor soil, in cracked walls near drains, and at abandoned construction site refuse (waste disposal).

There are 2 varieties of the plant - green and reddish rusty (pokok jantan). The reddish rusty variety is used for treatment.

A few bunches of the entire reddish rusty plant is washed and then boiled. The water is then cooled and consumed. It is useful for liver infection and breast cancer.

For breast cancer, Chinese ladies (siblings) are known to consume the water daily till the nodules and breast cancer disappear altogether. No surgery was needed by any of the sisters.

For hepatitis A infection, it is consumed twice daily together with fresh goat's milk (not boiled). It cures hepatitis A infection within 2 weeks. Some consumed it together with an Indian herb such as a liver tonic (eg Jetepar). Even without intervention, the liver regenerates itself and hepatitis heals on its own accord within a month.

Green variety

Mengkudu

The Mengkudu plant is a small tree with plenty of cone-shaped fruits that are green which ripen to a a smelly soft fruit. The green or yellow skin looks somewhat like that of the pineapple after the skin is removed. The Mengkudu fruit is harvested when unripe and still not smelly. They are boiled and mashed, then strained to obtain its bitter juice. The Malays traditionally use Mengkudu juice for controlling diabetes which is prevalent in the Malay community. Mengkudu juice is also available commercially as a concentrate.

Kemunting

The Kemunting shrub is low and filled with leaves. The ripe purple berries produce a sweet dark purple pulp, is juicy and contain plenty of tiny hard seeds. It is a good source of vitamins.