Showing posts with label anatomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label anatomy. Show all posts

Sunday, 18 September 2011

KLE University (Part 2)

USM has an offshore undergraduate medical program that is much talked about but nobody seems to know what is happening here in USM/Malaysia or there in KLE University/Belgaum.

Click here for USM VC's article re its offshore program.

Here is what I have on KLE University.

HOW MANY KLE STUDENTS?

USM started sending medical students to KLE University last year, in 2010. I don't have the # off hand.

This year, in 2011, USM wanted to send 100 students (as mentioned in VC's article) but I heard from the KLE students this year, that the first batch of 70 students left after Aidilfitri 2011. However, there are remaining 21 students who are still waiting to go to KLE University. Why did this happen? The story goes like this - USM did not manage to obtain approval for the remaining 21 students to go to KLE University. So the 21 KLE students are actually here with us in Medical School (PPSP). They follow our program here. Whether they will get to go in the end is my big puzzle too. All I can say is, I don't know either.

https://www.facebook.com/USM-KLE-International-Medical-Programme-Belgaum-394434213979967/timeline

ANATOMY TEACHING USING CADAVERS vs NO CADAVERS

The VC mentioned in his article that the KLE program uses cadavers.

The truth is we do not use any cadavers in the medical program in USM as we do in KLE. Why, you may ask. It is because there are no cadavers available for use in teaching of Anatomy practicals. The shortage of cadavers has been a chronic problem with our Medical School. We didn't have the problem before till the government order on zoning for supply of cadavers became effective. We no longer can obtain cadavers as we used to do before the government order. Since our Medical School is in the north and on the east coast, we are limited to obtain cadavers only from Kelantan and nearby areas. But because our Medical School is located in a state dominated by the Malay people and Malay people do not prefer autopsy, nor do they give away their dead loved ones for study purposes, we therefore do not have any cadavers. We have 200+ students, and if 10 students share half a corpse, we will roughly need at least 10 corpses for teaching every new batch of students. But the core of the problem is we cannot find nor obtain 10 corpses each year and prepare them for teaching. So the problem becomes chronic and we don't have any cadaver at all for teaching now. Even the large corpse bins have been tossed out and placed in the corridor. We are not allowed to pinch or buy corpses from outside Kelantan-Terengganu for teaching. When I first started teaching in USM Medical School in Penang in 1982, we used to buy corpses from Tanjung Rambutan and other mental hospitals. There was a good supply of corpses and we had enough corpses for teaching and learning. But now we cannot buy corpses from other places except from the specific places meant for us. 

ROYAL COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, PERAK (RCMP)

I visited the Royal College of Medicine in Ipoh, Perak (RCMP). I visited the Anatomy Department which is sited in a double-storey building near Ipoh Hospital mortuary. The hospital mortuary continuously supplies a sufficient number of corpses to the Anatomy Department at RCMP for teaching purposes. The lower floor of the building is where they store and process the corpses obtained from the hospital. There is an open (without walls) teaching area on the lower floor. The upper floor houses a large lab, a lecture hall, lecturers' rooms and anatomical models. Anatomy is well taught at RCMP and the lecturers are highly committed. They are all experienced Burmese lecturers. "Little Burma" it may seem to a visitor but this is the best place to learn Anatomy first hand from the experts themselves. The Anatomy Department is headed by a good friend of mine, a highly committed lecturer, Professor Dr Myo Than. At RCMP, medical students have to draw/sketch some of the anatomical parts they learn and have to submit that as assignment. The drawings are coloured using coloured pencils. The lecturers then carefully check the students' work and make corrections where necessary. Students pick up their assignments from the drop mail pigeonhole slots in Anatomy Department. This I think is the best way to learn Anatomy.

SUMMARY

In summary, of the three medical schools, which teaches Anatomy best? I would say both RCMP and KLE University. The Anatomy teaching at USM Medical School is dry as anatomical models are used but there are no cadavers. Students can however write to RCMP or KLE University to ask if they can do an Anatomy Elective at the two other universities. If a student aspires to become a surgeon, then RCMP or KLE University is a good choice. If a student does not aspire to become a surgeon, then USM is alright since no cadavers are used.

Prof Faridah

Sunday, 28 November 2010

Anatomy of the Human Body

Anatomy of the Human Body
 
Henry Gray
 
The Bartleby.com edition of Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body features 1,247 vibrant engravings—many in color—from the classic 1918 publication, as well as a subject index with 13,000 entries ranging from the Antrum of Highmore to the Zonule of Zinn.
 
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CONTENTS
Bibliographic Record    Preface    Illustrations    Subject Index
TWENTIETH EDITION
THOROUGHLY REVISED AND RE-EDITED BY WARREN H. LEWIS
ILLUSTRATED WITH 1247 ENGRAVINGS


PHILADELPHIA: LEA & FEBIGER, 1918
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2000


Introduction
Anatomical Bibliography
 
I. Embryology
  1. The Animal Cell
  2. The Ovum
  3. The Spermatozoön
  4. Fertilization of the Ovum
  5. Segmentation of the Fertilized Ovum
  6. The Neural Groove and Tube
  7. The Notochord
  8. The Primitive Segments
  9. Separation of the Embryo
  10. The Yolk-sac
  11. Development of the Fetal Membranes and Placenta
  12. The Branchial Region
  13. Development of the Body Cavities
  14. The Form of the Embryo at Different Stages of Its Growth
Bibliography
 
II. Osteology
  1. Introduction
  2. Bone
  3. The Vertebral Column
    a. General Characteristics of a Vertebra
    1. The Cervical Vertebræ
    2. The Thoracic Vertebræ
    3. The Lumbar Vertebræ
    4. The Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebræ
    b. The Vertebral Column as a Whole
  4. The Thorax
    a. The Sternum
    b. The Ribs
    c. The Costal Cartilages
  5. The Skull
    a. The Cranial Bones
    1. The Occipital Bone
    2. The Parietal Bone
    3. The Frontal Bone
    4. The Temporal Bone
    5. The Sphenoid Bone
    6. Ethmoid bone
    b. The Facial Bones
    1. The Nasal Bones
    2. The Maxillæ (Upper Jaw)
    3. The Lacrimal Bone
    4. The Zygomatic Bone
    5. The Palatine Bone
    6. The Inferior Nasal Concha
    7. The Vomer
    8. The Mandible (Lower Jaw)
    9. The Hyoid Bone
    c. The Exterior of the Skull
    d. The Interior of the Skull
  6. The Extremities
    a. The Bones of the Upper Extremity
    1. The Clavicle
    2. The Scapula
    3. The Humerus
    4. The Ulna
    5. The Radius
    b. The Hand
    1. The Carpus
    2. The Metacarpus
    3. The Phalanges of the Hand
    c. The Bones of the Lower Extremity
    1. The Hip Bone
    2. The Pelvis
    3. The Femur
    4. The Patella
    5. The Tibia
    6. The Fibula
    d. The Foot
    1. The Tarsus
    2. The Metatarsus
    3. The Phalanges of the Foot
    4. Comparison of the Bones of the Hand and Foot
    5. The Sesamoid Bones
 
III. Syndesmology
  1. Introduction
  2. Development of the Joints
  3. Classification of Joints
  4. The Kind of Movement Admitted in Joints
  5. Articulations of the Trunk
    a. Articulations of the Vertebral Column
    b. Articulation of the Atlas with the Epistropheus or Axis
    c. Articulations of the Vertebral Column with the Cranium
    d. Articulation of the Mandible
    e. Costovertebral Articulations
    f. Sternocostal Articulations
    g. Articulation of the Manubrium and Body of the Sternum
    h. Articulation of the Vertebral Column with the Pelvis
    i. Articulations of the Pelvis
  6. Articulations of the Upper Extremity
    a. Sternoclavicular Articulation
    b. Acromioclavicular Articulation
    c. Humeral Articulation or Shoulder-joint
    d. Elbow-joint
    e. Radioulnar Articulation
    f. Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-joint
    g. Intercarpal Articulations
    h. Carpometacarpal Articulations
    i. Intermetacarpal Articulations
    j. Metacarpophalangeal Articulations
    k. Articulations of the Digits
  7. Articulations of the Lower Extremity
    a. Coxal Articulation or Hip-joint
    b. The Knee-joint
    c. Articulations between the Tibia and Fibula
    d. Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint
    e. Intertarsal Articulations
    f. Tarsometatarsal Articulations
    g. Intermetatarsal Articulations
    h. Metatarsophalangeal Articulations
    i. Articulations of the Digits
    j. Arches of the Foot
 
IV. Myology
  1. Mechanics of Muscle
  2. Development of the Muscles
  3. Tendons, Aponeuroses, and Fasciæ
  4. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Head.
    a. The Muscles of the Scalp
    b. The Muscles of the Eyelid
    c. The Muscles of the Nose
    d. The Muscles of the Mouth
    e. The Muscles of Mastication
  5. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Anterolateral Region of the Neck
    a. The Superficial Cervical Muscle
    b. The Lateral Cervical Muscles
    c. The Supra- and Infrahyoid Muscles
    d. The Anterior Vertebral Muscles
    e. The Lateral Vertebral Muscles
  6. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Trunk
    a. The Deep Muscles of the Back
    b. The Suboccipital Muscles
    c. The Muscles of the Thorax
    d. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Abdomen
    e. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Pelvis
    f. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Perineum
  7. The Fascia and Muscles of the Upper Extremity
    a. The Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Vertebral Column
    b. The Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Anterior and Lateral Thoracic Walls
    c. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Shoulder
    d. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Arm
    e. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Forearm
    f. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Hand
  8. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Lower Extremity.
    a. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Iliac Region
    b. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh
    c. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Leg
    d. The Fasciæ Around the Ankle
    e. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Foot
Bibliography
 
V. Angiology
  1. Introduction
  2. The Blood
  3. Development of the Vascular System
  4. The Thoracic Cavity
    a. The Pericardium
    b. The Heart
    c. Peculiarities in the Vascular System in the Fetus
Bibliography
 
VI. The Arteries
  1. Introduction
  2. The Aorta
  3. The Arteries of the Head and Neck
    a. The Common Carotid Artery
    1. Relations
    2. The External Carotid Artery
    3. The Triangles of the Neck
    4. The Internal Carotid Artery
    b. The Arteries of the Brain
  4. The Arteries of the Upper Extremity
    a. The Subclavian Artery
    b. The Axilla
    1. The Axillary Artery
    2. The Brachial Artery
    3. The Radial Artery
    4. The Ulnar Artery
  5. The Arteries of the Trunk
    a. The Descending Aorta
    1. The Thoracic Aorta
    2. The Abdominal Aorta
    b. The Common Iliac Arteries
    1. The Hypogastric Artery
    2. The External Iliac Artery
  6. The Arteries of the Lower Extremity
    a. The Femoral Artery
    b. The Popliteal Fossa
    c. The Popliteal Artery
    d. The Anterior Tibial Artery
    e. The Arteria Dorsalis Pedis
    f. The Posterior Tibial Artery
Bibliography
 
VII. The Veins
  1. Introduction
  2. The Pulmonary Veins
  3. The Systemic Veins
    a. The Veins of the Heart
    b. The Veins of the Head and Neck
    1. The Veins of the Exterior of the Head and Face
    2. The Veins of the Neck
    3. The Diploic Veins
    4. The Veins of the Brain
    5. The Sinuses of the Dura Mater. Ophthalmic Veins and Emissary Veins
    c. The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax
    d. The Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis
  4. The Portal System of Veins
 
VIII. The Lymphatic System
  1. Introduction
  2. The Thoractic Duct
  3. The Lymphatics of the Head, Face, and Neck
  4. The Lymphatics of the Upper Extremity
  5. The Lymphatics of the Lower Extremity
  6. The Lymphatics of the Abdomen and Pelvis
  7. The Lymphatic Vessels of the Thorax
Bibliography
 
IX. Neurology
  1. Structure of the Nervous System
  2. Development of the Nervous System
  3. The Spinal Cord or Medulla Spinalis
  4. The Brain or Encephalon
    a. The Hind-brain or Rhombencephalon
    b. The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon
    c. The Fore-brain or Prosencephalon
    d. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves
    e. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves
    f. Pathways from the Brain to the Spinal Cord
    g. The Meninges of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis
    h. The Cerebrospinal Fluid
  5. The Cranial Nerves
    a. The Olfactory Nerves
    b. The Optic Nerve
    c. The Oculomotor Nerve
    d. The Trochlear Nerve
    e. The Trigeminal Nerve
    f. The Abducent Nerve
    g. The Facial Nerve
    h. The Acoustic Nerve
    i. The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
    j. The Vagus Nerve
    k. The Accessory Nerve
    l. The Hypoglossal Nerve
  6. The Spinal Nerves
    a. The Posterior Divisions
    b. The Anterior Divisions
    c. The Thoracic Nerves
    d. The Lumbosacral Plexus
    e. The Sacral and Coccygeal Nerves
  7. The Sympathetic Nerves
    a. The Cephalic Portion of the Sympathetic System
    b. The Cervical Portion of the Sympathetic System
    c. The Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System
    d. The Abdominal Portion of the Sympathetic System
    e. The Pelvic Portion of the Sympathetic System
    f. The Great Plexuses of the Sympathetic System
Bibliography
 
X. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument
  1. The Peripheral Organs of the Special Senses
    a. The Organs of Taste
    b. The Organ of Smell
    c. The Organ of Sight
    1. The Tunics of the Eye
    2. The Refracting Media
    3. The Accessory Organs of the Eye
    d. The Organ of Hearing
    1. The External Ear
    2. The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
    3. The Auditory Ossicles
    4. The Internal Ear or Labyrinth
    e. Peripheral Terminations of Nerves of General Sensations
  2. The Common Integument
 
XI. Splanchnology
  1. The Respiratory Apparatus
    a. The Larynx
    b. The Trachea and Bronchi
    c. The Pleuræ
    d. The Mediastinum
    e. The Lungs
  2. The Digestive Apparatus
    a. The Mouth
    b. The Fauces
    c. The Pharynx
    d. The Esophagus
    e. The Abdomen
    f. The Stomach
    g. The Small Intestine
    h. The Large Intestine
    i. The Liver
    j. The Pancreas
  3. The Urogenital Apparatus
    a. Development of the Urinary and Generative Organs
    b. The Urinary Organs
    1. The Kidneys
    2. The Ureters
    3. The Urinary Bladder
    4. The Male Urethra
    5. The Female Urethra
    c. The Male Genital Organs
    1. The Testes and their Coverings
    2. The Ductus Deferens
    3. The Vesiculæ Seminales
    4. The Ejaculatory Ducts
    5. The Penis
    6. The Prostate
    7. The Bulbourethral Glands
    d. The Female Genital Organs
    1. The Ovaries
    2. The Uterine Tube
    3. The Uterus
    4. The Vagina
    5. The External Organs
    6. The Mammæ
  4. The Ductless Glands
    a. The Thyroid Gland
    b. The Parathyroid Glands
    c. The Thymus
    d. The Hypophysis Cerebri
    e. The Pineal Body
    f. The Chromaphil and Cortical Systems
    g. The Spleen
 
XII. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings
  1. Surface Anatomy of the Head and Neck
  2. Surface Markings of Special Regions of the Head and Neck
  3. Surface Anatomy of the Back
  4. Surface Markings of the Back
  5. Surface Anatomy of the Thorax
  6. Surface Markings of the Thorax
  7. Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
  8. Surface Markings of the Abdomen
  9. Surface Anatomy of the Perineum
  10. Surface Markings of the Perineum
  11. Surface Anatomy of the Upper Extremity
  12. Surface Markings of the Upper Extremity
  13. Surface Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
  14. Surface Markings of the Lower Extremity
Source: http://www.bartleby.com/107/

Friday, 12 February 2010

Anatomy Revealed

University of Toledo

Anatomy Revealed® is an interactive, multimedia computer program for learning practical human anatomy and its clinical application. Using a unique layering process, detailed human prosections demonstrate directly the relationship between structures found at different depths of dissection. Initially designed as a program for medical students, Anatomy Revealed® has a broad range of application that will benefit students, educators and healthcare professionals.

http://www.utoledo.edu/centers/cci/projects/anatomy.html

Sunday, 20 September 2009

Brain Anatomy

Multimedia images


3D brain sections in full colour and multimedia.