Endocrine and Metabolism Block, MD Phase I 2009/2010
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid & Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
5. Describe the exogenous pathway of lipoprotein metabolism with the aid of a diagram.
Wednesday, 23 February 2011
SLU: Metabolism - Describe fat mobilisation with the help of a diagram
Endocrine and Metabolism Block, MD Phase I 2009/2010
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid & Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
4. Describe fat mobilisation with the help of a diagram.
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid & Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
4. Describe fat mobilisation with the help of a diagram.
Enzyme Modification in Glycogen Metabolism
Endocrine and Metabolism Block, MD Phase I 2009/2010
SLU: Metabolism - Describe the covalent modification of enzymes with regard to glycogen metabolism.
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid and Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
3. Describe the covalent modification of enzymes with regard to glycogen metabolism.
SLU: Metabolism - Describe the covalent modification of enzymes with regard to glycogen metabolism.
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid and Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
3. Describe the covalent modification of enzymes with regard to glycogen metabolism.
SLU: Metabolism - Differentiate between muscle and liver glycogenolysis
Endocrine and Metabolism Block, MD Phase I 2009/2010
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid & Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
2. Differentiate between muscle and liver glycogenolysis.
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid & Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
2. Differentiate between muscle and liver glycogenolysis.
SLU: Metabolism - Describe the conditions favouring gluconeogenesis and its role in blood sugar regulation
Endocrine and Metabolism Block, MD Phase I 2009/2010
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid & Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
1. Describe the conditions favouring gluconeogenesis and its role in blood glucose regulation.
Prepared by Dr Win Mar Kyi, Assoc Prof Dr KNS Sirajudeen, Professor Faridah Abdul Rashid & Dr Julia Omar
1 March 2010
1. Describe the conditions favouring gluconeogenesis and its role in blood glucose regulation.
Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism
Clinical Background
With advancing understanding of the disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and coronary atherosclerosis, it is now recognized that the assessment of LDL and HDL subclass distribution represents an important component of cardiovascular laboratory evaluation.26 LDL-C and HDL-C particles are present in all individuals as heterogeneous populations of particles that can be defined based on differences in density and size. The various LDL and HDL subclass particles also differ in their physiologic effects on the development of, or protection from, atherosclerosis. Even with a ‘normal’ cholesterol measurement (by NCEP Guidelines), a predominance of small dense LDL particles increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) three-fold compared to a predominance of large buoyant LDL subclass particles.26Recognizing this relationship, Krauss and Blanche originally described a clinical classification based on patterns of lipoprotein distribution separated on a gradient gel electrophoresis system as LDL Pattern A, B or I (intermediate or A/B).27,28 LDL Pattern A describes individuals with a predominance of large buoyant LDL particles. LDL Pattern B describes individuals with predominantly small dense LDL particles. LDL Pattern I (intermediate or A/B) includes individuals with LDL particles mostly between the A and B regions or those with multiple LDL peaks.29
As an extension of this clinical classification, the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profile(ALP) was a term originally coined to describe the clinical characteristics often associated with the small LDL (Pattern B) disorder (small LDL trait), which is often epidemiologically found in association with reduced HDL-C and apoA-I levels, high triglycerides, increased plasma apoB and increased intermediate density lipoproteins.27,28, 30 This combination of lipid abnormalities is frequently associated with postprandial lipemia, an increased susceptibility to lipoprotein oxidative damage, early atherosclerosis and insulin resistance (which may precede the development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus). A locus on chromosome #19 has been identified as linked to the small LDL trait. Four additional gene locations also impact the degree of expression.31 Approximately 30-50% of men with CAD express the small LDL trait, as well as almost 50% of their first-generation offspring.32
Source: http://www.bhlinc.com/cirm.php?chapter=5
LDL Subclasses
Low Density Lipoprotein Subclass Separation
Lipoprotein subclass distribution technology has been under development at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for over 50 years. Multiple scientific and medical publications have demonstrated the importance of these measurements in clarifying coronary heart disease risk and substantiating clinically important differences in response to treatment interventions including, weight loss, exercise, diet, alpha blockers, beta blockers, bile acid binding resins, fibrates, nicotinic acid, and statins.1-8 In 1997, the World Congress of Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)9 presented proposed guidelines for phase III and IV drug testing that included recommendations that gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE), as measured by the proprietary segmented GGE (S-GGE) methodology developed by Berkeley HeartLab, Inc. and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, be included in the approval process for all new lipid-lowering medications. It is important to appreciate that not all GGE systems or lipid fractionation technologies provide equivalent information. The analysis resulting from the more definitive Berkeley HeartLab system is based on multiple clinical trials using this refined method and multiple clinical trials that originally used both GGE and Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AnUC) for lipoprotein characterization. S-GGE provides the highest degree of validation, quality, accuracy, and assessment for the analysis of lipoprotein heterogeneity. S-GGE has a direct correlation to AnUC lipoprotein characterization, considered the “gold standard” reference technology, through published investigations and analyses that are not available with any other commercial laboratory system.
Source: http://www.bhlinc.com/cirm.php?chapter=5
Lipoprotein subclass distribution technology has been under development at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for over 50 years. Multiple scientific and medical publications have demonstrated the importance of these measurements in clarifying coronary heart disease risk and substantiating clinically important differences in response to treatment interventions including, weight loss, exercise, diet, alpha blockers, beta blockers, bile acid binding resins, fibrates, nicotinic acid, and statins.1-8 In 1997, the World Congress of Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)9 presented proposed guidelines for phase III and IV drug testing that included recommendations that gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE), as measured by the proprietary segmented GGE (S-GGE) methodology developed by Berkeley HeartLab, Inc. and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, be included in the approval process for all new lipid-lowering medications. It is important to appreciate that not all GGE systems or lipid fractionation technologies provide equivalent information. The analysis resulting from the more definitive Berkeley HeartLab system is based on multiple clinical trials using this refined method and multiple clinical trials that originally used both GGE and Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AnUC) for lipoprotein characterization. S-GGE provides the highest degree of validation, quality, accuracy, and assessment for the analysis of lipoprotein heterogeneity. S-GGE has a direct correlation to AnUC lipoprotein characterization, considered the “gold standard” reference technology, through published investigations and analyses that are not available with any other commercial laboratory system.
Source: http://www.bhlinc.com/cirm.php?chapter=5
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